Temporal Evolution of Maternal Mortality: 1980-2019 / Evolução temporal da mortalidade materna: 1980-2019

Abstract Objective To determine the profile of maternal deaths occurred in the period between 2000 and 2019 in the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA, in the Portuguese acronym) and to compare it with maternal deaths between 1980 and 1999 in the same institution. Methods Retrospective study that analyzed 2,481 medical records of women between 10 and 49 years old who died between 2000 and 2018. The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee (CAAE 78021417600005327). Results After reviewing 2,481 medical records of women who died in reproductive age, 43 deaths had occurred during pregnancy or in the postpartum period. Of these, 28 were considered maternal deaths. The maternal mortality ratio was 37.6 per 100,000 live births. Regarding causes, 16 deaths (57.1%) were directly associated with pregnancy, 10 (35.1%) were indirectly associated, and 2 (7.1%) were unrelated. The main cause of death was hypertension during pregnancy (31.2%) followed by acute liver steatosis during pregnancy (25%). In the previous study, published in 2003 in the same institution4, the mortality rate was 129 per 100,000 live births, and most deaths were related to direct obstetric causes (62%). The main causes of death in this period were due to hypertensive complications (17.2%), followed by postcesarean infection (16%). Conclusion Compared with data before the decade of 2000, there was an important reduction in maternal deaths due to infectious causes.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar o perfil dos óbitos maternos ocorridos no período de 2000 a 2019 no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA) e comparar com os óbitos maternos entre 1980 e 1999 na mesma instituição. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo que analisou 2.400 prontuários de mulheres entre 10 e 49 anos que morreram entre 2000 e 2019. O presente estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética (CAAE 78021417600005327). Resultados Após revisão de 2.481 prontuários de mulheres que morreram em idade reprodutiva, 43 mortes ocorreram durante a gravidez ou no período pós-parto. Destas, 28 foram considerados óbitos maternos. A taxa de mortalidade materna foi de 37.6 por 100.000 nascidos vivos. Em relação às causas, 16 óbitos (57.1%) estiveram diretamente associados à gravidez, 10 (35.1%) estiveram indiretamente associados e 2 (7.1%) não estiveram relacionados. A principal causa de morte foi hipertensão na gravidez (31.2%) seguida de esteatose hepática aguda da gravidez (25%). No estudo anterior, publicado em 2003 na mesma instituição4, a taxa de mortalidade foi de 129 por 100.000 nascidos vivos, e a maioria dos óbitos estava relacionada a causas obstétricas diretas (62%). As principais causas de óbito neste período foram por complicações hipertensivas (17.2%), seguidas de infecção pós-cesárea (16%). Conclusão Em comparação com os dados anteriores à década de 2000, houve uma redução importante das mortes maternas por causas infecciosas.

Amniotic fluid embolism: lessons for rapid recognition and intervention

Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare, often fatal complication of labor and delivery. The classic presentation is the sudden onset of a triad of clinical manifestations: hypoxia, hypotension and coagulopathy. Understanding of the syndrome as an immunologically mediated, complicated and often catastrophic maternal response to fetal or placental antigens is coming into focus. New treatments such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and better use of old treatments such as transfusion offer hope, but the condition is often rapidly fatal, so saving the maternal and fetal lives depends on rapid recognition of the syndrome. This series of three cases illustrates the clinical features enabling the rapid recognition needed for successful treatment of amniotic fluid embolism syndrome.

Morbilidad materna extrema y mortalidad en un hospital regional de Sudáfrica / Extreme maternal morbidity and mortality in a regional hospital in South Africa

Introducción La vigilancia de la morbilidad materna severa y la mortalidad contribuye a evaluar el estado de la salud materna en los diferentes países. Objetivo Caracterizar la morbilidad materna extrema y la mortalidad materna en un hospital regional de Sudáfrica. Método Estudio descriptivo transversal en el Hospital Tshilidzini de Sudáfrica durante 3 años con un universo de 145 casos de morbilidad y 21 muertes maternas que también constituyó la muestra de manera intencional. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un formulario y se calcularon indicadores de salud materna empleando medidas descriptivas y pruebas inferenciales para el análisis estadístico. Resultados Hubo mayor morbilidad en adolescentes (30,3%) y mortalidad en añosas (28,6%), sin diferencias en cuanto al lugar de procedencia; la eclampsia (35,9%), preeclampsia severa (23,4%) y la hemorragia postparto (19,3%) fueron las causas principales de morbilidad; así, la hemorragia postparto (42,9%) y las infecciones severas (28,6%) de mortalidad, y el shock hipovolémico (23,8%), síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (19%) y coagulación intravascular diseminada (14,3%) las causas finales más frecuentes. La razón de morbilidad materna extrema y resultado materno adverso fue 8,4 y 9,6 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos respectivamente; la razón de mortalidad materna 121,1 por cada 100 000 nacidos vivos, la razón morbilidad / mortalidad 6,9:1 y el índice de mortalidad 12,7%. Conclusiones La preeclamsia-eclampsia, hemorragia obstétrica e infecciones severas constituyeron las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad, todas mayormente prevenibles y que llevan a indicadores desfavorables de salud materna.

ABSTRACT Introduction Surveillance of severe maternal morbidity and mortality helps to assess the state of maternal health in different countries. Objective To characterize extreme maternal morbidity and maternal mortality in a regional hospital in South Africa. Method Cross-sectional descriptive study at Tshilidzini Hospital in South Africa for 3 years with a universe of 145 cases of morbidity and 21 maternal deaths that also intentionally constituted the sample. Data were collected using a form and maternal health indicators were calculated using descriptive measures and inferential tests for statistical analysis. Results There was greater morbidity in adolescents (30,3%) and mortality in elderly women (28,6%), without differences in the place of origin; eclampsia (35,9%), severe preeclampsia (23,4%) and postpartum hemorrhage (19,3%) were the main causes of morbidity; thus, postpartum hemorrhage (42,9%) and severe infections (28,6%) of mortality, and hypovolemic shock (23,8%), acute respiratory distress syndrome (19%) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (14,3%) the most frequent final causes. Extreme maternal morbidity ratio and adverse maternal outcome was 8,4 and 9,6 per 1000 live births respectively; the maternal mortality ratio 121,1 per 100,000 live births, the morbidity / mortality ratio 6,9: 1 and the mortality index 12,7%. Conclusions The preeclampsia-eclampsia, obstetric hemorrhage and severe infections were the main causes of morbidity and mortality, all mostly preventable and leading to unfavorable indicators of maternal health.

Una nueva mirada sobre la mortalidad y la morbilidad severa maternas en los establecimientos de salud de la Ciudad en 2013 / A new look at mortality and severe maternal morbidity in the City's health institutions in 2013

El estudio comprende la totalidad de las muertes institucionales por causas maternas y de los casos de morbilidad materna atendidos en instituciones públicas de la Ciudad, independientemente del lugar de residencia de las fallecidas o internadas. El objetivo del informe es dar a conocer una síntesis de los resultados de dicho estudio y, asimismo, mostrar una revisión de la situación de la mortalidad materna en la Argentina y en la Ciudad en los últimos 24 años. Para el estudio del subregistro de causas de mortalidad materna, se seleccionó un conjunto de defunciones a analizar en las instituciones a través de la documentación medico-administrativa disponible, de acuerdo con los criterios: Muertes maternas certificadas como tales; Muertes no certificadas como causas maternas pero con cualquier mención de embarazo, parto o puerperio en el contenido de los Informes Estadísticos de Defunción; y Muertes certificadas con una causa de defunción considerada mal definida o inespecífica o sospechosa de encubrir una causa materna. (AU)

Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS): uma avaliação do seu desempenho para a identificação do near miss materno / The Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a performance evaluation for auditing maternal near miss / Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIH-SUS): una evaluación de su rendimiento para la identificación de near miss materno

Este estudo avaliou o desempenho do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) na identificação de casos de near miss materno ocorridos em hospital do Rio de Janeiro, em 2008. Os casos foram captados pela revisão de todos os prontuários médicos de gestantes ou puérperas internadas na unidade, e a busca por potenciais eventos de near miss na base do SIH-SUS valeu-se de uma lista de procedimentos e códigos da Classificação Internacional de Doenças, 10ª revisão (CID-10), que fossem compatíveis com esse diagnóstico. A revisão de prontuários identificou 27 casos, enquanto na base do SIH-SUS encontrou-se 70 possíveis ocorrências de near miss. Porém, dessas 70 apenas cinco efetivamente eram casos near miss conforme os prontuários, correspondendo então à sensibilidade de 18,5% (IC95%: 6,3-38,1), especificidade de 94,3% (IC95%: 92,8-95,6), área sob a curva ROC de 0,56 (IC95%: 0,48-0,63) e valor preditivo positivo de 10,1% (IC95%: 4,7-20,3). Esses achados sugerem que o SIH-SUS não é adequado para o monitoramento dos casos de near miss materno.

This study aimed to investigate the performance of the Hospital Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIH-SUS) in identifying cases of maternal near miss in a hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2008. Cases were identified by reviewing medical records of pregnant and postpartum women admitted to the hospital. The search for potential near miss events in the SIH-SUS database relied on a list of procedures and codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision (ICD-10) that were consistent with this diagnosis. The patient chart review identified 27 cases, while 70 potential occurrences of near miss were detected in the SIH-SUS database. However, only 5 of 70 were "true cases" of near miss according to the chart review, which corresponds to a sensitivity of 18.5% (95%CI: 6.3-38.1), specificity of 94.3% (95%CI: 92.8-95.6), area under the ROC of 0.56 (95%CI: 0.48-0.63), and positive predictive value of 10.1% (IC95%: 4.7-20.3). These findings suggest that SIH-SUS does not appear appropriate for monitoring maternal near miss.

Este estudio evaluó el desempeño del Sistema de Información Hospitalaria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIH-SUS) en la identificación de casos de near miss materno en un hospital de Río de Janeiro en 2008. Los casos se obtuvieron mediante revisión de los historiales clínicos de las embarazadas y puérperas ingresadas en la unidad, y la búsqueda de posibles eventos near miss en la base del SIH-SUS se basó en una lista de procedimientos y códigos de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades (CIE-10) que son compatibles con este diagnóstico. Una revisión retrospectiva de historiales clínicos identificó 27 casos, mientras que la base de la SIH-SUS localizó 70 posibles casos con este diagnóstico. Sin embargo, sólo cinco de los 70 casos fueron en realidad casos de near miss, por ello, la sensibilidad correspondiente fue de un 18,5% (IC95%: 6,3-38,1), una especificidad del 94,3% (IC95%: 92,8-95,6), el área bajo la curva ROC de un 0,56 (IC95%: 0,48-0,63) y el valor predictivo positivo de un 10,1% (IC95%: 4,7-20,3). Estos hallazgos sugieren que SIH-SUS no es adecuado para el seguimiento de near miss.

Causas externas e mortalidade materna: proposta de classificacao / External causes and maternal mortality: proposal for classification

OBJETIVO: Analisar os óbitos por causas externas e causas mal definidas em mulheres em idade fértil ocorridos na gravidez e no puerpério precoce. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 399 óbitos de mulheres em idade fértil de Recife, PE, de 2004 a 2006. A pesquisa utilizou o método Reproductive Age Mortality Survey e um conjunto de instrumentos de investigação padronizados. Foram usados como fontes de dados laudos do Instituto Médico Legal, prontuários hospitalares e da Estratégia Saúde da Família e entrevistas com os familiares das mulheres falecidas. Óbitos por causa externa na gravidez foram classificados de acordo com a circunstância da morte usando-se o código O93 e calculadas as razões de mortalidade materna antes e depois da classificação. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 18 óbitos na presença de gravidez. A maioria das mulheres tinha entre 20 e 29 anos, de quatro a sete anos de estudo, eram negras, solteiras. Quinze óbitos foram classificados com o código O93 como morte relacionada à gravidez (13 por homicídio - O93.7; dois por suicídio - O93.6) e três mortes maternas obstétricas indiretas (uma homicídio - O93.7 e duas por suicídio - O93.6). Houve incremento médio de 35,0% nas razões de mortalidade materna após classificação. CONCLUSÕES: Os óbitos por causas mal definidas e no puerpério precoce não ocorrem por acaso e sua exclusão dos cálculos dos indicadores de mortalidade materna aumentam os níveis de subinformação. .

OBJETIVO: Analizar los óbitos por causas externas y causas mal definidas en mujeres en edad fértil ocurridos en el embarazo y en el puerperio precoz. MÉTODOS: Se estudiaron 399 óbitos en mujeres en edad fértil de Recife, PE, de 2004 a 2006. La investigación utilizó el método Reproductive Age Mortality Survey y un conjunto de instrumentos de investigación estandarizados. Se usaron como fuente de datos, laudos del Instituto Médico Legal, prontuarios hospitalarios y de la Estrategia Salud de la Familia y entrevistas con los familiares de las mujeres fallecidas. Óbitos por causa externa en el embarazo fueron clasificados de acuerdo con la circunstancia de la muerte usándose el código O93 y calculados los cocientes de mortalidad materna antes y después de la clasificación. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 18 óbitos en la presencia del embarazo. La mayoría de las mujeres tenía entre 20 y 29 años, de cuatro a siete años de estudio, de piel negra y soltera. Quince óbitos fueron clasificados con el código O93 como muerte relacionada con el embarazo (13 por homicidio - O93.7; 2 por suicidio - O93.6), y tres muertes maternas obstétricas indirectas (una por homicidio - O93.7 y dos por suicidio - O93.6). Hubo incremento promedio de 35,0% en las RMM posterior a la clasificación. CONCLUSIONES: Los óbitos por causas mal definidas y en el puerperio precoz no ocurren por casualidad y su exclusión de los cálculos de los indicadores de mortalidad materna aumenta los niveles de sub-información. .

OBJECTIVE To analyze deaths from external causes and undefined causes in women of childbearing age occurring during pregnancy and early postpartum. METHODS The deaths of 399 women of childbearing age, resident in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, in the period 2004 to 2006, were studied. The survey utilized the Reproductive Age Mortality Survey method and a set of standardized questionnaires. Data sources included reports from the Institute of Legal Medicine, hospital and Family Health Strategy records and interviews with relatives of the deceased women. External causes of death during pregnancy were classified according to the circumstance of death, using the O93 code (ICD) and maternal mortality ratios before and after the classification were calculated. RESULTS Eighteen deaths during pregnancy were identified. The majority were aged between 20 and 29, had between 4 and 7 years of schooling, were black and single parents. Fifteen deaths were classified using the O93 code as pregnancy related death (13 for homicide – code 93.7; 2 by suicide – code 93.6) and three were classified as indirect obstetric maternal deaths (one homicide – code 93.7 and two by suicide – code 93.6). There was an average increment of 35% in the RMM after classification. CONCLUSIONS Deaths from undefined causes in and in early postpartumdid not occur by chance and their exclusion from the calculations of maternal mortality indicators only increases levels of underreporting. .

La omisión del registro de la causa de muerte materna en los establecimientos de salud de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires en el ano 2008 / Failure to register the cause of maternal death at Buenos AIres´s hospitals in 2008

En el año 2008, la Dirección General de Estadísticas y Censos (DGEyC) de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires ·una de las jurisdicciones del país con menor mortalidad materna· junto con la Sociedad de Ginecología y Obstetricia de Buenos Aires (SOGIBA) decidieron llevar adelante un estudio colaborativo para cuantificar el nivel de subregistro de las muertes por causa materna ocurridas en establecimientos de salud de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires durante ese año. El objetivo de este informe es dar a conocer los resultados de dicho estudio referidos al nivel y estructura de la mortalidad materna institucional y establecer las razones de la omisión de causas maternas en la certificación médica de defunción, realizando una revisión de los factores determinantes y asociados a las muertes maternas institucionales. (AU)

Burns during pregnancy: a socio-cultural disease.

Burns during pregnancy poses a serious threat to the life of baby, as well as to the mother. More severely it is associated with various social and economical problems, as well as associated with illiteracy and poverty which many cases complicate its prevention. Burns during pregnancy influence maternal as well as foetal outcome. Keeping this in view a comprehensive task was undertaken to assess the maternal and foetal outcome in relation to burn extent and gestational age of foetus. A total of thirty two cases of burn females with pregnancy were analyzed. There were 23 maternal and 26 foetal deaths. Percentage of abortion during the third trimester was highest. Rate of maternal mortality increased with percentage of Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) burnt. Maximum incidence of maternal mortality rate was with cases of burns involving more than 50% TBSA.

Pregnancy-related deaths: A three-year retrospective study.

Over 600000 maternal deaths occur each year worldwide. In India, many women die due to pregnancy-related complications. The present study was undertaken with a view to determine factors causing maternal deaths, to recognize cause of death and to discuss the utility of autopsy record as a useful and adjunct data source for ascertainment of maternal deaths. A total 21 pregnancy-related deaths occurring during 2004 to 2006 were studied and their age ranged from 21 year to 35 year. It was observed that maximum numbers of deaths were recorded in the age group of 21-25 years (52.38%). Analyzing the pregnancy outcome, live birth to child were given by 9 females and 1 died during abortion. Hemorrhage remains leading cause of death (38.09%) followed by indirect causes (23.80%), undetermined (19.04%), sepsis (9.52%) and postpartum pre-eclamptic shock (9.52%). Death records remain an important source of maternal deaths however, using only death certificate suffers from drawback because many times cause of death is not mentioned, especially if death incurred medicolegal autopsy. Under such circumstances review of autopsy reports may prove useful in the ascertainment of maternal deaths and elucidating the emerging trends.